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No-Conscription Fellowship

No-Conscription Fellowship

Collection: Conscientious Objection During World War 1    Volumes    No-Conscription Fellowship
The No-Conscription Fellowship (NCF) was arguably the most important of the anti-war movement's organisations. From the very beginning of the war there were those who felt that it was unlikely the British war effort would be sustained by an entirely volunteer army and that conscription would soon replace voluntarism. Co-ordinating opposition to conscription and supporting potential COs began as an idea launched by Fenner Brockway. At the outbreak of war he was editor of the Independent Labour Party's newspaper, the Labour Leader. In November 1914, he published an appeal inviting all young men who intended to refuse military service to join a 'No-Conscription Fellowship'. The response was encouraging. By February 1915 the NCF had 339 members and the names of a number of men beyond military service age who were prepared to help. Originally organised by Fenner Brockway and his wife Lilla from their house in Derbyshire, the flow of new members and its developing work prompted the opening of a head office in London later that summer and by the autumn of 1915 it had been organised on a national basis. From then until the early months of 1920 it worked to organise opposition to the war and to support COs.This collection of NCF material contains:NCF National Committee material;Letters and circulars from NCF Headquarters to local branches, 1917 - 1920;NCF Publications, 1914 - 1919;The Tribunal, 1916 - 1920;Conscientious Objector Information Bureau (COIB) Reports, 1916 - 1919;NCF branch records including Hyde, Cheshire and the Manchester region as well as those of Willesden, Middlesex (now Greater London).
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National Committee papers

  • Description: It's annual conference of 'convention' was a central part of the NCF's organisation. Its November 1915 conference established its broad principles and the conference report, reproduced here, contains first reliable list of its local branches and the names of its early local members. It also includes the published text Clifford Allen's address, Conscription and Conscience, which defined a major view of the anti-war position. The full and annotated report of the NCF's November 1919 Annual Convention is a comprehensive summary of the NCF's work and its key membership over the years 1915 to 1919.Much of the work of the NCF was done by local branches. It was important, therefore, that the branches be kept informed about and have their own say in the way NCF work developed. This was doubly important given the effects of the Defence of the Realm Act on the freedom to publish war-related matter and on the activities of the Police and Secret Service. Raids on NCF headquarters and the confiscation of records meant that local records assumed greater significance.Collected here, and covering the period 1917 to the early months of 1920, is a selection of NCF circulars and circulars from other anti-war organisations. Notification of the 1917 Leeds Conference of Workers and Soldiers is here as are circulars setting out the campaigns to release COs from prison in 1919 and the National Council for Civil Liberties' campaign for the repeal of the Military Service Acts and the ending of conscription. There are also detailed papers of the post-war arrangements to support newly-released and convalescent COs and to support them and their dependents while they look for work. For the North-West (Cheshire, Lancashire, Westmorland and Cumberland) there is a descriptive list of COs looking for work.
  • Contributor: Working Class Movement Library
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  • Reference: 73006a-01
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Willesden branch

  • Description: The Willesden branch of the NCF served an area of North London which was, arguably, one of the anti-war movement's most militant centres. It had at least 145 COs of which 35 were Absolutists. It was able to draw on a substantial range of supporting organisations both religious and political. The Willesden material in this collection is in the form of individual CO files containing various amounts of detail. They include the following: Fred J Ballard, Oct 1916 - Feb 1917; William Barker, May 1916 - Aug 1917; Thomas Bazeley, May 1916-Sep 1917; George C Bolam, Nov 1916 - Oct 1917; Arthur E Burberry, May - Jun 1918; R W Chittam, 15 May 1916; Kennard Coysh, May - Jul 1916; Sydney Coysh, Jun - Sep 1916; R H Creasey, Nov - Apr 1917; James Darling, Oct - Nov 1916; Norman R Elliott, Jul 1916 - Mar 1917; Fred D Fitzgerald, Jul 1916 - Jan 1918; Stanley M Fulford, May - Sep 1916; George Gascoyne, Sep 1916 - Jan 1917; William (Billy) Giles, Nov 1916 - Apr 1917; Charles W Gooding, Dec 1917; Gilbert Hanson, May 1916 - Dec 1917; George W Henry, May 1916 - Jul 1917; Harry J Hovell, Jul 1916 - May 1917; Ronald Kent, May 1916; Charles Littlefield, Jul 1916 - Feb 1917; Harry Milson, 29 Dec 1917; Jack J W Morsman, Dec 1916 - Apr 1917; W Penn, Mar - May 1917; Arthur Phillips, Oct 1916 - Dec 1917; F W Pope, May - Aug 1916; Harold B Pratt, Jun - Oct 1916; Frank Pringle, Nov 1916 - Mar 1917; Sydney Reed, Sep 1916 - Jul 1917; Harry S Sampson, Apr 1916 - Mar 1917; A Sawyer, Jan 1918; A S Simpson, Sep - Dec 1916; C W Spiller, Jan 1916 - Feb 1917; Revd. F George Stevens, May - Apr 1917; Harry C Stevens, Aug 1916 - Apr 1917; E J Watson, Nov 1916 - Feb 1918; George F Webb, Jun - Aug 1916; Will Welbank, Jun - Sep 1917; Fred Wheeler, Jan 1916 - Mar 1917; Edward Whitehouse, Jun 1916 - Feb 1917; W A Willington, Feb 1916 - May 1917; George Wilson, May 1916 - Jan 1917; L Sidney Woodruff, Jun 1916 - May 1917.
  • Contributor: Hull University Archives
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  • Reference: 73006a-02
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Hyde branch

  • Description: The NCF local branches were the heart of the anti-war movement. There anti-war activists drawn from a variety of political backgrounds made common cause in opposing the war and supporting local COs. It was at this level, in particular, where the work of the many women who opposed the war was most obvious and most important. As conscription stripped out the male activists, the women stepped in and ensured that anti-war campaigning and organisation continued.This collection contains material local to Hyde, Stockport and the wider Manchester and Salford Anti-Conscription League and NCF Region. In particular, it has lists of members and supporters and accounts in varied amounts of detail the following local COs:Arthur Mallalieu; Edward 'Ted' Ridgeway; Wilfred Stafford; Ernest Charlesworth (fragment only); Ernest Faulkner; Alfred Schoolden; Bartle Wilde; Hubert Wilde.
  • Contributor: Working Class Movement Library
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  • Reference: 73006a-03
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<i>The Tribunal</i>

  • Description: 'The object of the "Tribunal"', wrote editor, Will Chamberlain, upon its first publication on 8 March 1916, 'will be to acquaint our members and the general public with those facts concerning the Military Service Act which receive scant attention from the daily press just because they provide the greatest indictment of that Act.'Given the difficulties besetting the NCF and its members and supporters, it is quite remarkable that it was able publish its own weekly newspaper, The Tribunal, consistently from 1916 until 1920. Issue No.1 went out on 8th March 1916 and issue No.182 on 8th January 1920 - all of which are found here. From the beginning it was an extension of the anti-war campaign, including articles by most of the anti-war movement's major figures - Bertrand Russell, Clifford Allen, Fenner Brockway amongst them. Until the summer of 1916 it recorded the confrontations of hundreds of COs with their local Tribunals, their Courts Martial and their prison sentences and followed them into the Home Office Scheme. It was also the vehicle which recorded the twists and turns and arguments within the anti-war movement . In particular the fierce debate about the 'correct' stand to be taken by the 'genuine' CO which erupted over the introduction of the Home Office Scheme and brought into the language the terms 'Absolutist' and 'Alternativist'. The Tribunal's relationship with the censorship clauses of the Defence of the Realm Act was difficult and occasionally dramatic. After its first two editors, Will Chamberlain and Bernard Boothroyd, were taken for soldiers in 1917 and imprisoned as COs, it was edited anonymously. In February 1918, however, the authors of articles critical of the war, Bertrand Russell and Joan Beauchamp, were both prosecuted for publishing material which the authorities regarded as subversive. A subsequent issue was condemned by the Home Office and a police raid ordered on NCF promises and the presses on which The Tribunal was printed were ordered to be dismantled. Anticipating this order the printing was switched to a small printing firm in Streatham. In April, during a police raid these printing machines were smashed. Nevertheless, the NCF regularly out-witted the authorities, transferred printing to other sympathetic printing firms, and not a single issue was lost.
  • Contributor: Working Class Movement Library
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  • Reference: 73006a-04
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Reports of the Conscientious Objector Information Bureau

  • Description: The NCF, together with the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the Friends' Service Committee created the Joint Administrative Council (JAC) to co-ordinate their work the better to promote the anti-war campaign and to support the COs. One of the JAC's principal activities became known as the Conscientious Objector Information Bureau (COIB). Using mostly NCF branches and a national network of volunteer supporters it gathered data about CO experiences - Tribunal hearings, Courts Martial, prison, Home Office Scheme. It also liaised closely with Quaker prison visitors and chaplains. Data gathered in this way was used to inform on-going debates in Parliament about the treatment of COs. Sympathetic MPs, Philip Snowden (Labour) and Ted Harvey (Liberal) amongst them, were primed with evidence for Parliamentary questions and Catherine Marshall, the NCF's political secretary, used every opportunity to keep the anti-war debate alive. To help with this from March 1916 until the spring of 1919, the COIB published a weekly Report. The Report was cyclostyled and circulated first to NCF branches and to the editor of The Tribunal. There it was used as the basis for the lists of COs and their experiences published throughout 1916 and as copy for articles as issues arose. It was also sent to more than 200 men and women from within the broader anti-war community and to others who were regarded as opinion-formers whose sympathy might be helpful.The document herein contains a full run of such reports from 1916 to 1919.
  • Contributor: Working Class Movement Library
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  • Reference: 73006a-05
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NCF publications

  • Description: Throughout the war and in the early years of peace after 1918, the NCF kept up a constant stream of leaflets, pamphlets and more substantial work. These are all represented in this collection. Perhaps most important here are the early drafts of the NCF Souvenir History, 1916 - 1919. It appeared originally as Troublesome People with the first draft of the text but without illustrations. The leaflets here include a number of those designed at helping COs and sharing their experiences. The Court Martial Friend and Prison Guide needs little explanation other than to say it was a handbook for COs of what to do and what to expect. Hewter's The Home Office Compounds was a critical review of the Home Office Scheme while Rex V Bertrand Russell explored the authorities' confrontation with one of the more celebrated of the war's opponents.
  • Contributor: Working Class Movement Library
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  • Reference: 73006a-06
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Thomas Ellison scrapbook

  • Description: Originally discovered in the Leigh Meeting House of the Society of Friends, this fascinating collection of CO ephemera and personal writing was deposited at the Working Class Movement Library in Salford. Thomas Henry Ellison described it in 1919 as:'My adventures under the Military service Act 1916-19 in a few words. With the interesting and amusing Documents all complete. Crewe, Feb. 1919 and April 1919.'Ellison was a 'political' CO, originally from Ashby-de-la Zouche, in Leicestershire. In 1916 he was described as a Railway Car Attendant and was living in Golders Green, North London. In 1919 he had settled in Crewe. Exactly why his scrapbook made its way to Leigh Meeting House is not at all clear. He was trade unionist, a radical socialist and a member of the Independent Labour Party. As a CO he took the 'Absolutist' line and refused all government schemes. Consequently much of his time between 1916 and April 1919 was spent in prison. He was finally released from Strangeways prison, Manchester in April 1919 after a hunger strike and force-feeding. His scrapbook, which fills more than 300 pages, begins with a dedication to Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, 'Martyred Berlin, Jan.15th, 1919' and ends with a press clipping 'NO COs in PRISON, PERSECUTION CEASES AT LAST' dated 6.8.1919 and annotated 'FINIS'. Between dedication and 'FINIS', he gathered an eclectic collection of press cuttings, notes and pamphlets, including a complete copy of the Military Service Act which introduced conscription. There is documentary evidence of his own CO experiences and accompanying it press cuttings charting the experience of other COs and of the anti-war movement as a whole.
  • Contributor: Working Class Movement Library
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  • Reference: 73006a-07
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